What causes kidney stones?

When to get help now: Seek urgent medical care or call 911 for severe or worsening pain, fever or chills, repeated vomiting, confusion, inability to urinate, or pain with a known single kidney. These symptoms may signal a blocked urinary tract or infection.

Kidney stones develop when minerals and other substances in urine become concentrated and form crystals. Not drinking enough water is a leading cause—especially in hot, dry climates such as Nevada. The good news is that many stone risks can be reduced with practical, personalized prevention steps.

The Liver and Kidney Hope Foundation provides education and support, not medical care. Please talk with your healthcare provider about symptoms, testing, treatment, and a prevention plan that is right for you.

Frequently asked questions about kidney stone causes

Whether you have had your first stone, are trying to prevent another, or are supporting someone you care about, these answers explain common causes, risk factors, and next steps in plain language.

What are high-oxalate foods, and do I need to avoid them?

Spinach, nuts, and some other foods contain oxalate. They do not need to be avoided by everyone, but people who form calcium oxalate stones may need individualized guidance. Eating oxalate-containing foods with a calcium-containing food at the same meal may help. Do not make major diet changes without guidance from your healthcare provider or a registered dietitian.

Who is more likely to get kidney stones?

Risk can be higher with a personal or family history of stones, obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure, certain digestive conditions, some liver-related conditions, recurrent urinary infections, and some medications. Your provider can review your health history, medications, urine, and blood tests to identify your likely risks.

How can liver health be connected to kidney stones?

A kidney problem can sometimes begin in the liver. In a rare inherited condition called primary hyperoxaluria, the liver makes too much oxalate. This can cause repeated stones and kidney damage. In severe cases, treatment may include a liver transplant, sometimes combined with a kidney transplant. This is one reason The Liver and Kidney Hope Foundation cares for both organs together.

What can I do to help prevent another kidney stone?

Stay well hydrated, limit excess salt, choose a balanced eating pattern, maintain a healthy weight, and manage diabetes and blood pressure. These habits support both kidney and liver wellness. If you have had a stone, ask your healthcare provider whether stone analysis or 24-hour urine testing can help tailor your prevention plan.

What is the main cause of kidney stones?

Kidney stones usually form when urine contains too little water and becomes concentrated. Minerals and compounds—such as calcium, oxalate, uric acid, or cystine—can then join together into crystals. A stone may grow larger over time or move into the urinary tract and cause pain.

Can not drinking enough water cause kidney stones?

Yes. Not drinking enough water is one of the most common and preventable contributors to kidney stones. Dehydration concentrates the urine, making it easier for crystals to form. This is especially important in hot climates, including Nevada, or during exercise and illness. Ask your healthcare provider how much fluid is appropriate for you, particularly if you have heart, kidney, or liver conditions.

Which foods and drinks can raise kidney stone risk?

High-sodium processed and restaurant foods can increase calcium in the urine. Large amounts of animal protein, including red meat and shellfish, may raise risk for some stone types. Sugary beverages and sodas, especially those high in fructose, can also contribute. Your best plan depends on the type of stone you have had.

Should I stop eating calcium to prevent stones?

Usually, no. Getting enough calcium from food can actually help lower the risk of common calcium oxalate stones because calcium binds oxalate in the digestive tract. Cutting calcium out of your diet may raise risk. Discuss calcium supplements and your individual needs with your healthcare provider.

Take the next step toward prevention

Download our free Kidney Stones Guide for practical information on hydration, food choices, questions to ask your healthcare provider, and ways to support kidney and liver wellness. If you have had a stone, are in pain, or have risk factors, speak with your healthcare provider for personal medical advice.